Case of the Week #593
Bangalore, India
A 23-year-old primigravida came for second trimester screening at 19-20 weeks gestation with following findings:
![](/site/cache/public/images/new-co/new-content-media-94/fieldList/file_path/91169__571__428__down__95.jpg)
![](/site/cache/public/images/new-co/new-content-media-95/fieldList/file_path/91170__885__664__down__95.jpg)
![](/site/cache/public/images/new-co/new-content-media-98/fieldList/file_path/91173__587__440__down__95.jpg)
View the Answer Hide the Answer
Answer
We present a case of OEIS complex (Omphalocele, Exstrophy of bladder, Imperforate anus and spinal defect) also known as Cloacal exstrophy.
Ultrasound revealed the following findings:
- Video 1, Image 1: lower abdomen and pelvic region shows low exompholus
- Image 2: Non-visualization of bladder between the two umbilical veins with normal kidneys. Exstrophy of bladder should be considered.
- Video 2: Absence of the perianal muscular complex concerning for imperforate anus
- Video 3: Terminal myelocystocele
- Image 3:Â 3D reconstruction of cloacal extrophy
The pregnancy was terminated and abortus examination confirmed our findings.
![Low exomphalos with cloacal exstrophy.](/site/cache/public/images/new-co/new-content-media-90/fieldList/file_path/91097__718__539__down__95.jpg)
![Terminal myelocystocele - closed neural tube defect](/site/cache/public/images/new-co/new-content-media-91/fieldList/file_path/91098__634__475__down__95.jpg)
![Imperforate anus](/site/cache/public/images/new-co/new-content-media-92/fieldList/file_path/91099__712__534__down__95.jpg)
DISCUSSION
Introduction: Cloacal exstrophy is also called OEIS complex [1] and is a midline defect that consists of omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal and genital abnormalities, and occasionally limb defects [2]. The incidence is not known, though has been estimated between 1 in 200 000 to 1 in 250 000 live births [3]. Fetuses with OEIS have both neural tube defects and omphalocele, thus can present with high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) on screening. However, the neural tube defect is often covered with skin and the omphalocele can be covered with a thick membrane, therefore, maternal serum AFP cannot be used to detect all cases of OEIS. Detailed fetal ultrasound examination remains the best tool with which to detect this condition prenatally [4-10].
Embryology:Â The cloaca is divided into a urogenital sinus anteriorly and hindgut posteriorly at six weeks of pregnancy. The failure of lateral to medial mesoderm extension to form an infraumbilical abdominal wall causes cloacal membrane rupture. Cloacal exstrophy is caused by the rupture of the cloacal membrane before the complete descent of the urogenital septum, causing herniation of the bladder and bowel that can be detected using prenatal ultrasound [11].
Epidemiology: OEIS complex is a heterogeneous condition and in almost all cases is sporadic. There are few cases reported in association with chromosomal abnormalities including a deletion in chromosome 1p36 [12] and a deletion of 3q12.2-q13.2, which may help in mapping the gene or genes associated with the complex [13]. Additionally, there have been cases of OEIS associated with exposure to diphenylhydantoin [2] and diazepam [14].
Ultrasound findings: The primary ultrasound findings in OEIS include omphalocele, low insertion of the umbilical cord, large midline infra-umbilical anterior wall defect, lumbosacral myelomeningocele which is usually covered with skin, failure to visualize the urinary bladder, failure to visualize the external genitalia, and limb defects including abnormal position, such as clubfeet, or a missing limb [15]. Early diagnosis may be challenging, however low insertion of the cord may help in early diagnosis of bladder exstrophy [16] and diagnosis can be confirmed by MRI [17].
Prenatal Counselling: A prenatal diagnosis of OEIS complex can help counsel the parents and their families regarding the choice to terminate or continue the pregnancy [1]. Cloacal exstrophy is a surgically correctable anomaly with a survival rate of almost 100% [16], thus it is important to diagnose during the prenatal period in order to have resources available in the postnatal period.
Management: Management of cloacal exstrophy requires a multidisciplinary team, which includes a neonatologist, pediatric surgeon, urologist, radiologist, and colorectal surgeon. One surgical approach is to close the abdominal wall defect, repair the bladder defect, perform pelvic osteotomies, and create a colostomy. Alternatively, the surgical repair can be performed in several stages [18].
REFERENCES
[1] Dorjey Y. Role of ultrasound scan in prenatal diagnosis of cloacal exstrophy. Clin Case Rep. 2023 Mar; 11(3): e7072.
[2] Carey JC, Greenbaum B, Hall BD. The OEIS complex (omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal defects). Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1978;14(6B):253-63.
[3] Kallen K, Castilla EE, Robert E, et al. OEIS complex–a population study. Am J Med Genet 2000 May 1;92(1):62-8.
[4] Lee DH, Cottrell JR, Sanders RC, et al. OEIS complex (omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects) in monozygotic twins. Am J Med Genet 1999 May 7;84(1):29-33.
[5] Shanske AL, Pande S, Aref K, Vet al. Omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects (OEIS) in triplet pregnancy after IVF and CVS. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003 Jun;67(6):467-71.
[6] Girz BA, Sherer DM, Atkin J, et al. First-trimester prenatal sonographic findings associated with OEIS (omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects) complex: a case and review of the literature. Am J Perinatol 1998 Jan;15(1):15-7.
[7] Schemm S, Gembruch U, Germer U, et al. Omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus spinal defects (OEIS) complex associated with increased nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003 Jul;22(1):95-7.
[8] Witters I, Deprest J, Van Hole C, et al. Anogenital malformation with ambiguous genitalia as part of the OEIS complex. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004 Dec;24(7):797-8.
[9] Noack F, Sayk F, Gembruch U. Omphalocoele-exstrophy imperforate anus-spinal defects complex in dizygotic twins. Fetal Diagn Ther 2005 Sep-Oct;20(5):346-8.
[10] Wu JL, Fang KH, Yeh GP, et al. Using color Doppler sonography to identify the perivesical umbilical arteries: a useful method in the prenatal diagnosis of omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects complex. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Sep;23(9):1211-5.
[11] Norton M. Chapter 14: ultrasound evaluation of fetal gastrointestinal tract and abdominal wall, in: Callen’s Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elsevier, 2016.
[12] El-Hattab AW, Skorupski JC, Hsieh MH, et al. OEIS complex associated with chromosome 1p36 deletion: a case report and review. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2010;152(2):504-511.
[13] Kosaki R, Fukuhara Y, Kosuga M, et al. OEIS complex with del(3) (q12.2q13.2). Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jun 1;135(2):224-6.
[14] Lizcano-Gil LA, Garcia-Cruz D, Sanchez-Corono J. Omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforated anus-spina bifida (OEIS) complex in a male prenatally exposed to diazepam. Arch Med Res 1995 Spring;26(1):95-6.
[15] Ben-Neriah Z, Withers S, Thomas M, et al. OEIS complex: prenatal ultrasound and autopsy findings. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007 Feb;29(2):170-7.
[16] Fishel-Bartal M, Perlman SH, Messing B, et al. Early Diagnosis of Bladder Exstrophy: Quantitative Assessment of a Low- Inserted Umbilical Cord. 2017 Sep;36(9):1801-1805.
[17] Bursac D, Bojanic K, Partl JZ, et al. OEIS complex—using MRI in diagnostic: Two case reports, Radiol Case Rep. 2022 Nov 17;18(1):364-367.
[18] Inouye BM, Tourchi A, Di Carlo HN, et al. Modern Management of the Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex. Surg Res Pract. 2014;2014:587064.
Discussion Board
Winners
![Paula Melone Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Paula Melone United States Physician
![Dianna Heidinger Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/dianna/dianna-heidinger/fieldList/profile_image/94300__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Dianna Heidinger United States Sonographer
![Javier Cortejoso Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/javier/javier-cortejoso/fieldList/profile_image/94140__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Javier Cortejoso Spain Physician
![paola quaresima Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/paola-/paola-quaresima/fieldList/profile_image/93166__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
paola quaresima Italy Physician
![Marina Bagdasaryan Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/marina/marina-bagdasaryan/fieldList/profile_image/92742__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Marina Bagdasaryan Russian Federation Physician
![KristÃna Bihariová Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/kristÃ/kristÃna-bihariová/fieldList/profile_image/94164__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
KristÃna Bihariová Slovakia Physician
![Umber Agarwal Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Umber Agarwal United Kingdom Maternal Fetal Medicine
![belen garrido Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
belen garrido Spain Physician
![Ana Ferrero Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/ana-fe/ana-ferrero/fieldList/profile_image/94069__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Ana Ferrero Spain Physician
![José Román Broullón Molanes Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/josé-/josé-román-broullón-molanes/fieldList/profile_image/91867__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
José Román Broullón Molanes Spain Physician
![Vladimir Lemaire Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/vladim/vladimir-lemaire/fieldList/profile_image/94189__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Vladimir Lemaire United States Physician
![Shilpen Gondalia Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/shilpe/shilpen-gondalia/fieldList/profile_image/94286__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Shilpen Gondalia India Physician
![Boujemaa Oueslati Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/boujem/boujemaa-oueslati/fieldList/profile_image/94384__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Boujemaa Oueslati Tunisia Physician
![Tatiana Koipish Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/tatyan/tatyana-koipish/fieldList/profile_image/94070__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.png)
Tatiana Koipish Belarus Physician
![CHARLES SARGOUNAME Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/charle/charles-sargouname/fieldList/profile_image/94264__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
CHARLES SARGOUNAME India Physician
![Aysegul Ozel Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/aysegu/aysegul-ozel/fieldList/profile_image/94211__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.png)
Aysegul Ozel Turkey Physician
![Halil Mesut Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/halil-/halil-mesut/fieldList/profile_image/94133__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Halil Mesut Turkey Physician
![Anita Silber Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/anita-/anita-silber/fieldList/profile_image/94442__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Anita Silber Israel Physician
![Philippe Deblieck Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/philip/philippe-deblieck/fieldList/profile_image/94433__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Philippe Deblieck Germany Physician
![Peter conner Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Peter conner Sweden Physician
![Bahauddin Sallout Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/bahaud/bahauddin-sallout/fieldList/profile_image/94662__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Bahauddin Sallout Saudi Arabia Physician
![Marianovella Narcisi Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/marian/marianovella-narcisi/fieldList/profile_image/94152__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Marianovella Narcisi Italy Physician
![Nguyen Luân Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/nguyen/nguyen-luân/fieldList/profile_image/94202__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Nguyen Luân Viet Nam Physician
![Suat Ä°nce Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/suat-Ä/suat-Ä°nce/fieldList/profile_image/93974__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Suat Ä°nce Turkey Physician
![Liem Dang Le Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/liem-d/liem-dang-le/fieldList/profile_image/94053__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Liem Dang Le Viet Nam Physician
![Amparo Gimeno Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Amparo Gimeno Spain Physician
![Muradiye Yıldırım Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/muradi/muradiye-yıldırım/fieldList/profile_image/94138__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Muradiye Yıldırım Turkey Physician
![CRISTINA MARTINEZ PAYO Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
CRISTINA MARTINEZ PAYO Spain Physician
![ALBANA CEREKJA Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/albana/albana-cerekja/fieldList/profile_image/94555__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.png)
ALBANA CEREKJA Italy Physician
![Deval Shah Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Deval Shah India Physician
![Murat Cagan Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/murat-/murat-cagan/fieldList/profile_image/94151__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Murat Cagan Turkey Physician
![Eslam Adel ammar Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/eslam-/eslam-adel-ammar/fieldList/profile_image/93649__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Eslam Adel ammar Egypt Physician
![Büşra Cambaztepe Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Büşra Cambaztepe Turkey Physician
![gholamreza azizi Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
gholamreza azizi Iran, Islamic Republic of Physician
![Rasha Abo Almagd Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/rasha-/rasha-abo-elmagd/fieldList/profile_image/94675__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Rasha Abo Almagd Egypt Physician
![Ionut Valcea Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/ionut-/ionut-valcea/fieldList/profile_image/94645__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Ionut Valcea Romania Physician
![Cong Bang Duong Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/cong-b/cong-bang-duong/fieldList/profile_image/93493__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Cong Bang Duong Viet Nam Physician
![Ragıp Atakan Al Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Ragıp Atakan Al United States Physician
![Hien Nguyen Van Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/hien-n/hien-nguyen/fieldList/profile_image/94245__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Hien Nguyen Van Viet Nam Physician
![Miguel Sanchez Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/miguel/miguel-sanchez/fieldList/profile_image/93020__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpeg)
Miguel Sanchez Mexico Physician
![Kareem Haloub Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Kareem Haloub Australia Physician
![Annette Reuss Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Annette Reuss Germany Physician
![shruti Agarwal Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/shruti/shruti-agarwal/fieldList/profile_image/94275__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
shruti Agarwal India Physician
![Perrine Riou-Kerangal Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Perrine Riou-Kerangal French Polynesia Sage-femme échographiste
![Yousef Haddad Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Yousef Haddad Israel Physician
![Sruthi Reddy Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
Sruthi Reddy India Physician
![SAVITA SHIRODKAR Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
SAVITA SHIRODKAR India Physician
![Qi Tang Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/qi-tan/qi-tang/fieldList/profile_image/93235__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.png)
Qi Tang China Physician
![Nguyễn Lê Hoà ng Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/lê-ho/lê-hoà ng-nguyễn/fieldList/profile_image/93821__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.png)
Nguyễn Lê Hoà ng Viet Nam Physician
![izabela dera Profile Pic](/images/web/profile-default.png?v=2)
izabela dera Germany Physician
![Eylem EÅŸsizoÄŸlu Profile Pic](/site/cache/public/images/eylem-/eylem-eÅŸsizoÄŸlu/fieldList/profile_image/94022__400__400__fillAndCrop__95.jpg)
Eylem EÅŸsizoÄŸlu Turkey Physician